Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations:

(≡ homotypic synonym, = heterotypic synonym, - autonym, I invalid designation)

• (-) Cinchona calisaya var. calisaya Wedd.
• (=) Cinchona calisaya var. ledgeriana Howard
• (=) Cinchona carabayensis Wedd.
• (=) Cinchona ledgeriana (Howard) Bern. Moens ex Trimen
• (I) Cinchona officinalis auct. mult.

Common names:

• Chinabark  (Source: Dict Rehm) - English
• ledgerbark  (Source: Ency CNatIn) - English
• quinine  (Source: World Econ Pl) - English
• yellow cinchona  (Source: Herbs Commerce) - English
• yellowbark  (Source: World Econ Pl) - English
• quinquina jaune  (Source: Dict Rehm) - French
• Chinarindenbaum  (Source: Dict Rehm) - German
• Chininbaum  (Source: pers. comm.) - German
• Fieberrindenbaum  (Source: pers. comm.) - German
• quina-amarela  (Source: Dict Rehm) - Portuguese
• quina-quina  (Source: pers. comm.) - Portuguese (Brazil)
• quina-verdadeira  (Source: pers. comm.) - Portuguese (Brazil)
• quineira  (Source: pers. comm.) - Portuguese (Brazil)
• árbol de la quina  (Source: Dict Rehm) - Spanish
• quino  (Source: Dict Rehm) - Spanish
• quinquina  (Source: Dict Rehm) - Spanish

Economic Importance:

• Food additives: flavoring (bitter for tonic water & alcoholic beverages)
• Medicines: source of quinidine & quinine (fide Import Medicinal Pl, as C. ledgeriana; Pl Res SEAs, A:83. 1989, as C. officinalis; Pl Res SEAs 12(1):204. 1999, as C. officinalis; Herbs Commerce ed2)

Distributional Range:

Native

Southern America

• WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Peru


Cultivated (also cult.)

References:

1. American Herbal Products Association. 1992. Herbs of commerce
2. Andersson, L. & A. Antonelli. 2005. Phylogeny of the tribe Cinchoneae (Rubiaceae), its position in Cinchonoideae, and description of a new genus, Ciliosemina. Taxon 54:17-28.
3. Andersson, L. 1998. A revision of the genus Cinchona (Rubiaceae-Cinchoneae). Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 80:51.
4. Backer, C. A. & R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink, Jr. 1963-1968. Flora of Java.
5. Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. 1993. Catalogue of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45
6. Encke, F. et al. 1984. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 13. Auflage
7. Fischer, L. K. et al. 2009. Tree invasion in managed tropical forests facilitates endemic species. J. Biogeogr. 36:2251-2263. Note: together with Cinchona pubescens were introduced in Hawai'i in the 1940s, both species are considered invasives, although providing posistive effects on native understorey species
8. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource). URL: http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropListDetails?code=&relation=beginsWith&name=Cinchona+calisaya&quantity=1 target='_blank'
9. Fosberg, F. R. et al. 1979-1982. Geographical checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae/ Pteridophyta and Gymnospermae.
10. Groth, D. 2005. pers. comm. Note: re. Brazilian common names
11. Harling, G. & B. Sparre, eds. 1973-. Flora of Ecuador. Note: mentions
12. Koblitz, H. et al. 1983. Studies on tissue cultures of the genus Cinchona L.- In vitro mass propagation through meristem-derived plants. Pl. Cell Rep. 2:95-97. Note: it recognized its current synonym Cinchona ledgeriana
13. Leung, A. Y. & S. Foster. 1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingredients used in food, drugs, and cosmetics, ed. 2
14. Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium. 1976. Hortus third.
15. Macbride, J. F. et al., eds. 1936-. Flora of Peru Note: = Cinchona officinalis L.
16. Maldonado, C. et al. 2017. Phylogeny predicts the quantity of antimalarial alkaloids within the iconic yellow Cinchona bark (Rubiaceae: Cinchona calisaya). Front. Plant Sci. 8:391. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00391
17. McGuffin, M., J. T. Kartesz, A. Y. Leung, & A. O. Tucker. 2000. Herbs of commerce, ed. 2 American Herbal Products Association, Silver Spring, Maryland.
18. Padua, L. S. de et al., eds. 1999. Medicinal and poisonous plants 1. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 12(1):204. Note: = Cinchona officinalis
19. Personal Care Products Council. INCI
20. Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants Note: = Cinchona officinalis
21. Reichel, S. 1998. pers. comm. Note: re. German common names
22. Walker, E. 1976. Flora of Okinawa and the southern Ryukyu Islands.

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2024. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy).
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://gringlobal.iita.org/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=10557. Accessed 6 July 2024.