Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations:

(≡ homotypic synonym, = heterotypic synonym, - autonym, I invalid designation)

• (-) Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.
• (=) Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. spiralis (Vasinger) Tzvelev
• (-) Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.
• (=) Echinochloa crus-galli var. edulis Hitchc.
• (=) Echinochloa crus-galli var. formosensis Ohwi
• (=) Echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis (Pursh) Peterm.
• (=) Echinochloa spiralis Vasinger
• (=) Echinochloa zelayensis (Kunth) Schult.
• (=) Echinochloa zelayensis var. zelayensis (Kunth) Schult.
• (=) Oplismenus zelayensis Kunth
• Basionym: Panicum crus-galli L.
• (≡) Panicum crus-galli var. crus-galli L.
• (=) Panicum crus-galli var. mite Pursh

Common names:

• barnyard grass  (Source: World Econ Pl) - English
• barnyard millet  (Source: Aust Pl Common Names) - English
• cocksfoot grass  (Source: Aust Pl Common Names) - English
• cockshin grass  (Source: Aust Pl Common Names) - English
• cockspur  (Source: BSBI) - English
• cockspur grass  (Source: Dict Rehm) - English
• cockspur-panic  (Source: Aust Pl Common Names) - English
• water grass  (Source: Aust Pl Common Names) - English
• wild millet  (Source: Aust Pl Common Names) - English
• denieba  (Source: F Egypt) - Arabic
• barnyard grass  (Source: ICAW) - English (Canada)
• echinochloa pied-de-coq  (Source: F NAmer) - French
• panic pied-de-coq  (Source: L Noms French ed7) - French
• pied de coq  (Source: Dict Rehm) - French
• échinochloa pied-de-coq  (Source: ICAW) - French (Canada)
• gewöhnliche Hühnerhirse  (Source: Zander ed17) - German
• Hühnerhirse  (Source: Dict Rehm) - German
• sanwak  (Source: Dict Rehm) - India
• arrocillo  (Source: Cavanillesia Alt) - Spanish
• pata de gallo  (Source: Dict Rehm) - Spanish
• pie de gallina  (Source: Dict Rehm) - Spanish
• zacate de agua  (Source: Dict Rehm) - Spanish
• hönshirs  (Source: Kulturvaxtdatabas) - Swedish
• pi  (Source: Kulturpflanze) - Transcribed Korean

Economic Importance:

• Harmful organism host: crop diseases
• Weed: potential seed contaminant (fide Geigy Weed Tables. 1968)

Distributional Range:

Native

Europe

• EASTERN EUROPE: Russian Federation [Kalmykia, Astrakhan, Saratov, Volgograd]


Naturalized

Africa

• NORTHERN AFRICA: Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia
• NORTHEAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Sudan
• EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Tanzania, Uganda
• WEST TROPICAL AFRICA: Guinea, Senegal
• SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA: Mozambique
• SOUTHERN AFRICA: Eswatini, South Africa
• WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: Madagascar, Mauritius

Asia-Temperate

• WESTERN ASIA: Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Turkey
• MIDDLE ASIA: Uzbekistan
• CHINA: China
• EASTERN ASIA: Japan, Korea, Taiwan

Asia-Tropical

• INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
• INDO-CHINA: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam
• MALESIA: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines

Australasia

• AUSTRALIA: Australia

Europe

• NORTHERN EUROPE: Denmark, Norway
• MIDDLE EUROPE: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland
• EASTERN EUROPE: Belarus, Estonia, Ukraine

Northern America

• Mexico, North America

Pacific

• NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: United States [Hawaii, United States Minor Outlying Islands, United States Minor Outlying Islands]
• NORTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Marshall Islands, Micronesia
• SOUTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: French Polynesia
• SOUTHWESTERN PACIFIC: Fiji, New Caledonia

Southern America

• CARIBBEAN: West Indies
• NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Venezuela
• BRAZIL: Brazil
• WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Colombia, Peru
• SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay


Other (origin obscure, likely tropical Asia)

References:

1. Aldén, B., S. Ryman, & M. Hjertson. 2012. Svensk Kulturväxtdatabas, SKUD (Swedish Cultivated and Utility Plants Database; online resource) URL: www.skud.info
2. Aoki, D. & H. Yamaguchi. 2008. Genetic relationship between Echinochloa crus-galli and Echinochloa oryzicola accessions inferred from internal transcribed spacer and chloroplast DNA sequences. Weed Biol. Managem. 8:233-242. Note: it supported Echinochloa oryzicola as paternal donor, but maternal one is unknown
3. Botanical Society of the British Isles. BSBI taxon database (on-line resource).
4. Boulos, L. & M. N. El-Hadidi. 1984. The weeds of Egypt.
5. Boulos, L. 1999-. Flora of Egypt
6. Catasús Guerra, L. J. 2002. Las gramíneas (Poaceae) de Cuba, II. Cavanillesia Altera 3:1-163.
7. CIBA-GEIGY, Basel, Switzerland. 1974. The CIBA-GEIGY Weed Tables
8. Darbyshire, S. J. 2003. Inventory of Canadian Agricultural Weeds Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. 45. Note: lists as Echinochloa crusgalli
9. Demilly, D. et al. 2001. Liste alphabétique des principales espèces de plantes cultivées et de mauvaises herbes. Noms latins et noms français, ed. 7 Note: GEVES-SNES, Beaucouzé, France
10. Erhardt, W. et al. 2002. Zander: Handwörterbuch der Pflanzennamen, 17. Auflage
11. Euro+Med Editorial Committee. Euro+Med Plantbase: the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity (on-line resource).
12. FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
13. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource). URL: http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropListDetails?code=&relation=beginsWith&name=Echinochloa+crus-galli&quantity=1 target='_blank'
14. Gould, F. W. et al. 1972. A revision of Echinochloa in the United States. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 87:53.
15. Holm, L. et al. 1979. A geographical atlas of world weeds
16. Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER): plant threats to Pacific ecosystems (on-line resource).
17. Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
18. International Development Consortium. Invasive species compendium (on-line resource).
19. Mun-Chan, B. et al. 1986. A checklist of the Korean cultivated plants. Kulturpflanze 34:97.
20. Nozawa, S. et al. 2006. Difference in SSR variations between Japanese barnyard millet (Echinochloa esculenta) and its wild relative E. crus-galli. Breed. Sci. 56:335-340.
21. Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
22. Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
23. Seed Regulatory and Testing Division, Agricultural Marketing Service, U.S.D.A. State noxious-weed seed requirements recognized in the administration of the Federal Seed Act (updated annually).
24. Skvortsov, A. K., ed. 2006. Flora of the Lower Volga region 1:129. Note: lists as"Echinochloa crusgalli"
25. 't Mannetje, L. & R. M. Jones, eds. 1992. Forages. Plant Resources of South-East Asia (PROSEA) 4:126-127.
26. Townsend, C. C. & E. Guest. 1966-. Flora of Iraq.
27. Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
28. Tutin, T. G. et al., eds. 1964-1980. Flora europaea.
29. Tzvelev, N. N. 1976. Zlaki SSSR
30. Vibrans, H., ed. Malezas de México (on-line resource). URL: http://www.conabio.gob.mx/malezasdemexico/poaceae/echinochloa-crus-galli/fichas/pagina1.htm target='_blank'
31. Webster, R. K. 1992. Compendium of rice diseases. The disease compendium series. 18.
32. Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition). Note: = "Echinochloa crusgalli" with six varieties
33. Yabuno, T. 1962. Cytotaxonomic studies on the two cultivated species and the wild relatives in the genus Echinochloa. Cytologia 27:296-305. Note: hexaploid populations of Echinochloa crus-galli considered wild forms of E. esculenta (as "E. utilis")
34. Yabuno, T. 1987. Japanese barnyard millet (Echinochloa utilis, Poaceae) in Japan. Econ. Bot. 41:484-493. Note: proposed as progenitor of Echinochloa esculenta (as E. utilis)
35. Yamaguchi, H. et al. 2005. A molecular phylogeny of wild and cultivated Echinochloa in East Asia inferred from non-coding region sequences of trnT-L-F. Weed Biol. Managem. 5:210-218. Note: The weed society of Japan
36. Ye, C.-Y. et al. 2014. Echinochloa chloroplast genomes: Insights into the evolution and taxonomic identification of two weedy species. PLoS One 9(11): e113657. Note: identification of samples used for genome sequencing was based on morphology, cytology and a cp-marker (trnT-L-F); it detected genomic variation between Echinochloa crus-galli and E. oryzoides
37. Zuloaga, F. O. et al. 2003. Catalogue of New World grasses (Poaceae): III. Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46:217.
38. 2018. Mid-Atlantic invasive plant species (on-line resource)

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2024. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy).
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://gringlobal.iita.org/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=14823. Accessed 29 June 2024.