Autonyms (not in current use), synonyms and invalid designations:

(≡ homotypic synonym, = heterotypic synonym, - autonym, I invalid designation)

• (≡) Echinochloa crus-galli var. frumentacea (Link) E. G. Camus & A. Camus
• (≡) Oplismenus frumentaceus (Link) Kunth
• (≡) Panicum frumentaceum Roxb.

Common names:

• billion-dollar grass  (Source: Dict Rehm) - English
• Indian barnyard millet  (Source: Taxon) - English
• Siberian millet  (Source: F NAmer) - English
• white millet  (Source: BSBI) - English
• white panicum  (Source: Aust Pl Common Names) - English
• white-panic  (Source: F NAmer) - English
• Sawahirse  (Source: Dict Rehm) - German
• sama  (Source: Names Watson) - India

Economic Importance:

• Animal food: fodder; forage
• Human food: cereal

Distributional Range:

Cultivated

Africa

• EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Tanzania

Asia-Temperate

• CHINA: China [Anhui Sheng, Heilongjiang Sheng, Henan Sheng, Guizhou Sheng, Yunnan Sheng, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu, Ningxia Huizi Zizhiqu]
• EASTERN ASIA: Taiwan

Asia-Tropical

• INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India

Australasia

• AUSTRALIA: Australia


Naturalized

Northern America

• United States


Other (probable origin from cult. in India and Africa)

References:

1. Bor, N. L. 1960. The grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India, and Pakistan.
2. Botanical Society of the British Isles. BSBI taxon database (on-line resource).
3. de Wet, J. M. J. et al. 1983. Domestication of Sawa millet (Echinochloa colona). Econ. Bot. 37:283-291.
4. Englert, J. M. et al. 1999. USDA-NRCS Improved conservation plant materials released by NRCS and cooperators
5. FNA Editorial Committee. 1993-. Flora of North America.
6. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Ecocrop (on-line resource). URL: http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropListDetails?code=&relation=beginsWith&name=Echinochloa+frumentacea&quantity=1 target='_blank'
7. Hitchcock, A. S. 1950. Manual of the grasses of the United States, ed. 2. Note: = Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumentacea
8. Integrated Botanical Information System (IBIS). Australian plant common name database (on-line resource).
9. Kartesz, J. T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland.
10. Lazarides, M. & B. Hince. 1993. CSIRO Handbook of Economic Plants of Australia
11. Porcher, M. H. et al. Searchable World Wide Web Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (MMPND) (on-line resource).
12. Randall, R. P. 2007. The introduced flora of Australia and its weed status.
13. Rehm, S. 1994. Multilingual dictionary of agronomic plants
14. Scholz, H. 1992. Echinochloa esculenta, comb. nov. - the correct name of the Japanese barnyard millet (Gramineae). Taxon 41:522-523. Note: Echincohloa frumentacea was previously used as a collective name for cultigens derived from wild E. colona
15. Sood, S. et al. 2015. Review: Barnyard millet - a potential food and feed crop of future. Pl. Breed. (New York) 134:135-147.
16. Turrill, W. B. et al., eds. 1952-. Flora of tropical East Africa.
17. Watson, J. F. 1868. Index to the native and scientific names of Indian and other eastern economic plants and products Note: = Panicum frumentaceum
18. Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
19. Yamaguchi, H. et al. 2005. A molecular phylogeny of wild and cultivated Echinochloa in East Asia inferred from non-coding region sequences of trnT-L-F. Weed Biol. Managem. 5:210-218. Note: The weed society of Japan
20. Zuloaga, F. O. et al. 2003. Catalogue of New World grasses (Poaceae): III. Subfamilies Panicoideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, and Danthonioideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 46:218. Note: = Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumantacea

Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2024. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy).
National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://gringlobal.iita.org/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=14828. Accessed 29 June 2024.